Biomechanical Determinants of Performance and Injury Risk During Change of Direction – An Optimal Technical Model to Mediate the Conflict

Balancing the Speed-Safety Tightrope in Multidirectional Sport: Mediating the Performance-Injury Conflict During Change of Direction 

Every time an athlete plants their foot to change direction, they enter a high-stakes negotiation between explosive performance and potential risk of injury. While the competitive edge in sport is found in shorter ground contact times, stiffness, fast entry velocities, and greater propulsive forces, these aggressive actions frequently generate potentially hazardous joint loads and are sources of mechanically induced tissue damage. Can we coach athletes to be faster while simultaneously making them more robust? In this article, we will delve into the multifaceted biomechanics of change of direction (COD), discussing performance and injury risk determinants, and highlighting the critical technical features that may mediate the conflict between performance and injury risk. By analysing the mechanical “cause and effect” of movement, we present an evidence-based technical model designed to resolve the conflict between exit velocity and knee joint loading—bridging the gap between elite performance and long-term athlete safety.

Biomechanical and Technical Determinants of Change of Direction Performance 

Change of Direction (COD) performance is a multifaceted construct underpinned by the complex interaction of entry velocity, deceleration capacity, technical mechanics, and physical robusticity (Figure 1) (Jones, Dos’ Santos, McMahon, & Graham-Smith, 2019; Jones, Thomas, Dos’Santos, McMahon, & Graham-Smith, 2017; Spiteri, Cochrane, Hart, Haff, & Nimphius, 2013). 

The Impulse-Momentum Relationship

At its core, COD is governed by the impulse-momentum relationship. To redirect the Centre of Mass (COM), athletes must produce high-magnitude net forces over restricted ground contact times (GCT).

• Braking and Propulsion: Greater braking and propulsive forces, particularly when applied with a high horizontal-to-vertical force ratio, are primary determinants of faster completion times.
• GCT Efficiency: Shorter GCTs are advantageous as they facilitate greater Stretch-Shortening Cycle (SSC) utilisation, allowing for the rapid recovery of mechanical energy and a faster transition from deceleration to reacceleration.
• Force-Vector Specificity: It is not only the magnitude of force that matters but its orientation. Efficient performers demonstrate highly horizontally orientated peak resultant forces, ensuring that impulse is directed precisely toward the new path of travel rather than wasted vertically to facilitate effective net deceleration and acceleration.

Figure 1. Change of Direction (COD) Underpinned by the Interaction Between Velocity, Deceleration, Mechanics and Physical Capacity. PFC: Penultimate- Foot Contact.

Biomechanical and Technical Determinants of Side-Step Cutting (30-90°)

Side-step cutting performance is defined by a complex interaction of whole-body kinematics and joint-specific kinetics. For directional changes ranging from faster completion times are significantly associated with a “stiff” mechanical strategy and high-velocity maintenance (David, Mundt, Komnik, & Potthast, 2018; Dos’Santos, Thomas, McBurnie, Comfort, et al., 2021; Havens & Sigward, 2015a; Marshall et al., 2014; Welch, Richter, Franklyn-Miller, & Moran, 2021; Singh et al., 2025)

Whole-Body Kinematics: The “Low and Lean” Strategy

To facilitate rapid redirection, elite performers adopt a specific postural profile characterised by a low COM and aggressive trunk inclination

• Postural Stability: Maintaining a low COM height throughout the penultimate (PFC) and final foot contacts (FFC) increases stability and provides the necessary mechanical leverage for a wide lateral foot plant
• Impulse Generation: This wide plant is essential for generating large medio-lateral ground reaction impulses (ML-GRI), which are strongly correlated with faster cutting performance
• Trunk Control: Dynamic trunk control is paramount; greater trunk rotation toward the intended direction of travel and a medial trunk lean shift the COM effectively, reducing the overall redirection demand. Conversely, excessive lateral trunk flexion (“dropping the shoulder”) may be used as a deceptive tactic in agility but can increase injury risk if not coupled with adequate neuromuscular control.

Kinetic and Joint-Level Determinants

The transition from weight acceptance (braking) to propulsion requires rapid, high-magnitude force application across the lower-limb chain.

• Joint Power and Moments: Faster cutting is underpinned by increased power and moments at the hip, knee, and ankle. Specifically, greater hip frontal plane power generation and peak knee extensor moments are vital for the explosive redirection of the COM during side-step cutting.
• The “Stiffness” Strategy: For shallower cuts <90° a strategy involving reduced hip and knee flexion in the FFC is often observed⁹⁹. This allows for a shorter Ground Contact Time (GCT), facilitating greater Stretch-Shortening Cycle (SSC) utilisation and a more rapid transition to exit velocity.
• The Angle-Velocity Trade-off: As the intended COD angle increases (approaching 110°), athletes naturally increase knee flexion and GCT to accommodate greater braking demands.

Propulsion and Exit Velocity

Ultimately, the execution phase must culminate in a powerful, simultaneous triple extension or proximal to distal sequencing of the ankle, knee, and hip/ This is underpinned by a firm base of support to facilitate effective braking and propulsion (i.e., foot to ground contact and interaction) (Dos’ Santos, McBurnie, Thomas, A., & Harper, 2022; Dos’Santos, McBurnie, et al., 2019; McBurnie & Dos’ Santos, 2022).

• Propulsive Force: Quicker completion times are strongly linked to greater mean and peak propulsive forces during the FFC.
• Exit Velocity: Maintaining high horizontal COM velocity at the point of toe-off is a primary differentiator of elite performance, as it ensures the athlete exits the cut with maximal momentum toward the new target.

Figure 2. Side-Step Cutting Action Photosequence

Figure 3. Turning Action Photosequence

Biomechanical and Technical Determinants of Turning (e.g. 180°)

While side-step cutting involves a redirection of momentum, a 180° turn requires a complete reversal. This necessitates a distinct mechanical strategy focused on extreme deceleration and explosive re-acceleration.

The Mechanics of Deceleration: The “Early Braking” Model

Elite performance in 180° turns is defined by the ability to “approach fast and brake hard and late.”

• Impulse Orientation: Faster performers demonstrate more horizontally orientated peak resultant braking forces and higher horizontal-to-vertical braking ratios. This ensures that the braking impulse is dedicated to reducing forward momentum rather than generating unnecessary vertical displacement. This is further supported with greater propulsive forces over short GCTs, echoing the similar findings observed in side-step cutting.
• The Antepenultimate Contribution: For high-entry velocity turns, braking initiated as early as the antepenultimate foot contact (APFC) is critical (and potentially steps prior). Horizontally orientated braking at this stage facilitates effective deceleration before the final pivot, though this strategy relies heavily on the athlete’s perceptual-cognitive ability to anticipate the turn.
• COM Lowering: Effective turning strategies encompass a significant lowering of the COM via PFC triple flexion (hip, knee, and ankle). This postural adjustment increases the available braking impulse and establishes a stable base for the subsequent pivot.

The Re-orientation and Propulsive Phase

Once momentum is reduced, the focus shifts to rapid re-alignment and exit velocity.

• Early Rotation: Anticipatory whole-body rotation (trunk, pelvis, and lower limbs) toward the intended direction during the preparation phase is advantageous. This minimises COM displacement and pre-aligns the athlete’s for effective push off for the exit.
• Triple Extension: Propulsion is driven by a forceful, simultaneous triple extension or proximal to distal sequencing. Singh et al. (2025) highlight that increased hip and ankle power are vital during this phase to overcome inertia and maximise acceleration out of the turn.
• Base of Support (BOS): A large anterior placement of the final “plant” foot increases the BOS relative to the COM, providing the mechanical leverage required for an explosive drive-off.

Navigating Technical Variance: Bilateral vs. Unilateral Strategies

Practitioners must recognise that athletes adopt different braking strategies during sharp turns, each with distinct performance and injury-risk profiles (Dos’Santos, Thomas, Comfort, & Jones, 2019) (Figure 4). 

1. Bilateral (Dual-Support) Strategy: In this model, the PFC remains in contact with the ground during the weight-acceptance phase of the final foot contact (FFC). This distributes the mechanical load across two limbs and allows for braking in a transverse rotated position. This strategy typically reduces the redirection demands on the final plant foot and is often associated with the APFC performing a greater proportion of sagittal-plane braking.
2. Unilateral (Flight-Phase) Strategy: Conversely, some athletes exhibit a clear flight phase between the PFC and FFC. This results in the final “plant” foot absorbing the entirety of the load unilaterally. While common, this can lead to slower performance as the athlete is forced to rotate the body during the flight phase, often resulting in less efficient force application upon landing.

The Importance of Movement Adaptability

While further empirical quantification is required, the chaotic nature of multidirectional sport suggests that movement variability is a protective asset. Athletes should possess the capacity to employ both strategies, allowing them to redistribute loads across proximal and distal joints depending on the specific environmental constraints. This adaptability not only mitigates injury risk but provides more versatile movement solutions in competitive play (Dos’ Santos et al., 2022).

Figure 4. Turning Braking Strategy Variance

Beyond Completion Time: Quantifying COM Velocity

While linear sprint speed and COD completion times are strongly correlated, relying solely on this data can mask significant technical deficiencies or insights into COD strategy. Completion time is often biased toward faster athletes, potentially overlooking an individual’s inability to effectively redirect momentum (Nimphius, Callaghan, Bezodis, & Lockie, 2017; Nimphius, Geib, Spiteri, & Carlisle, 2013; Sayers, 2015),

To provide a more holistic overview, research has shifted toward quantifying Centre of Mass (COM) velocity at key instances of the manoeuvre.

• Velocity Maintenance: For shallow to moderate cuts the ability to maintain COM horizontal velocity is a primary performance differentiator. 
• Hader et al. (2015), using laser speed guns to assess COM related kinematics, demonstrated that minimum speed reached during the COD was a large to very large determinant of 45˚ and 90˚ cutting performance, while peak acceleration and peak speed additionally contributed.
• Dos’Santos et al. (2021), using 3D motion analysis, found COM horizontal velocity at key instances of a 90° cut such as PFC touch-down (approach velocity), final foot contact touch down, and toe-off, were strong determinants of faster cutting performance. 
• Jones et al. (2019) who, using hierarchal multiple regression, found minimum COM horizontal velocity and approach velocity during a 70-90° cut could explain 82% (79% adjusted) of variation in cutting time. 
• The Phase-Specific Velocity Profile: Faster performers demonstrate higher COM velocities at PFC touchdown (approach), FFC touchdown, and toe-off. Maintaining speed through the transition from preparation to re-acceleration ensures a more efficient redirection and a superior exit velocity for shallow to moderate angled CODs.

The Angle-Velocity Trade-off and Deceleration Demands

The ability to maintain velocity is dictated by the intended angle of COD and the athlete’s entry momentum and their physical capacity because larger braking forces, thus net horizonal impulse and deceleration will be required during CODs of sharper angles and greater momentums.

• Cutting vs. Turning: In 30-90°, athletes generally aim to preserve as much velocity as possible (~2–6 m/s) during the approach and execution phase. In contrast, a 180° turn requires horizontal COM velocity to be reduced to zero during the execution phase.
• The Late-Braking Advantage: For turns, the objective is to approach fast, decelerate late, and brake hard. This requires high-magnitude braking impulses over short durations and distances—a feat that is heavily influenced by available preparation time and the athlete’s ability to process visual/auditory cues and their strength capacity to generate rapid and high force braking force over short ground contacts (McBurnie et al., 2021).

The “Self-Regulatory” Concept and Physical Robustness

A critical finding in recent biomechanical literature is that COD performance can potentially be “self-regulated.” (Dos’Santos, Thomas, Comfort, & Jones, 2018; Jones et al., 2019; Jones et al., 2017).  Athletes typically enter a COD at a velocity dictated by the deceleration load they can physically tolerate.

• Strength as an Enabler: Eccentrically stronger athletes (specifically those with high knee flexor/extensor capacity) can approach faster, display greater reductions in velocity over shorter distances, and tolerate the subsequent high joint loads (Jones et al., 2017; 2019).

Neuromuscular function and Coordination: 

Improving an athlete’s linear speed is intuitive, but it is only one piece of the multidirectional puzzle. To develop elite COD performance, practitioners must ensure athletes possess the physical capacity to:

1. Tolerate Extreme Mechanical Loads: Withstand the high-intensity braking forces associated with aggressive entry velocities and sharp angles.

2. Access Favourable Postures: Possess the strength-affordances to adopt the low COM and medial trunk lean necessary and stiffness for efficient redirection.

3. Generate Rapid Impulse: Provide the neuromuscular foundation for explosive braking and propulsive net impulses.

4. Ensure Joint Integrity: Utilise muscular activation and coordination to assist in ligament unloading and maintain dynamic COM control.

Determinants of knee joint loads during COD manoeuvres 

CO) actions—particularly those involving lateral foot plants—are high-risk manoeuvres frequently associated with non-contact lower limb injuries. In cutting-dominant sports, these actions are primary drivers for ACL ruptures, hamstring strains, medial/lateral ankle sprains, and adductor injuries (Cochrane et al., 2007; Johnston et al., 2018; Serner et al., 2019; Fong et al., 2009; Wade, Mok, & Fong, 2018).

The Mechanism of Failure: Load vs. Tolerance

Fundamentally, tissue injury occurs via two primary mechanical pathways:

1. Acute Overload: A single mechanical load exceeds the tissue’s ultimate tolerance capacity (; Kalkhoven et al., 2021).
2. Fatigue Failure: Repeated, chronic exposure to mechanical loads without adequate recovery. This reduces structural integrity over time, eventually resulting in failure from loads the tissue could previously tolerate (Beaulieu et al., 2021; Edwards, 2018).

During COD, the knee joint is subjected to hazardous mechanical loads. These loads are significantly amplified by aberrant movement quality (neuromuscular deficits), high approach velocities, sharper cut angles, and high cognitive loading/unplanned scenarios (Donelon et al., 2020; Dos’Santos et al., 2021). While uniplanar loading is a factor, research highlights a concerning relationship between frontal and transverse plane loads (Dos’Santos, Thomas, McBurnie, Comfort, et al., 2021; McBurnie, Dos’ Santos, & Jones, 2021). A combination of anterior tibial shear, knee abduction, and internal rotation moments increases ACL strain to a far greater extent than any single plane of motion alone (Markolf et al., 1995; Shin et al., 2011). Please to Figure 5 and Table 1 for a comprehensive overview of factors associated with peak knee abduction moments (KAMs) during 30-90° CODs.

Figure 5. Summary of Biomechanical Factors Associated with Peak Knee Abduction Moments Based on Literature (Donelon et al., 2020; Dos’Santos, Thomas, McBurnie, Donelon, et al., 2021; Fox, 2018)

External joint moments (torques) are determined by the product of the Ground Reaction Force (GRF) and the moment arm distance (the distance between the joint axis and the GRF vector). Thus, whole-body postures and joint movements during initial contact and over weight acceptance during the COD manoeuvre have the potential to increase one or both of these (Kristianslund, Faul, Bahr, Myklebust, & Krosshaug, 2014).

Moment = GRF × Moment Arm

Because ACL injuries typically occur within 50ms of ground contact, there is minimal time for reactive postural adjustments. This underscores the importance of preparatory muscle activation and postural adjustments (i.e., “feedforward” mechanisms) and to reinforce optimal postures and coactivation at initial contact (Koga et al., 2010; Donelon et al., 2020). 

1. Frontal Plane Mechanics (The Lateral Foot Plant)

Increasing the lateral foot plant distance increases the moment arm between the GRF vector and the knee, directly elevating the external Knee Abduction Moment (KAM). Furthermore, internally rotated postures of the foot and hip, combined with knee valgus (distal tibia abducting from the midline), position the knee medially relative to the GRF, further exacerbating the load (Havens & Sigward, 2015; Sigward et al., 2015).

2. Dynamic Trunk Control

The trunk contains approximately half of the body’s mass, making it a critical determinant of knee loading. Lateral trunk flexion away from the midline shifts the GRF vector laterally, significantly increasing the frontal plane moment arm at the knee joint (Donelon et al., 2020; Jones et al., 2015).

3. Sagittal Plane Mechanics

Knee Flexion: Extended knee postures at initial contact increase anterior tibial shear and ACL strain. Conversely, reduced knee flexion during weight acceptance increases impact GRFs, a primary constituent of joint moments (Devita & Skelly, 1992). Hip Flexion: Reduced hip and knee flexion are consistently associated with hazardous multiplanar loading (Dos’Santos et al., 2021; Weir et al., 2019).

4.Impact GRF and braking strategy

Greater GRFs, a key constituent part of a moment, are associated with greater KAMs (Dos’Santos, 2020; Jones et al., 2016a; Sigward et al., 2015), which can be partially attributed final foot contact heel strike contacts (David, Komnik, Peters, Funken, & Potthast, 2017; Donnelly, Chinnasee, Weir, Sasimontonkul, & Alderson, 2017; Kristianslund et al., 2014) and both be offset through increased braking during the penultimate foot contact (Dos’Santos, 2020; Jones et al., 2016a; Jones, Herrington, & Graham-Smith, 2016b).

5. Contextual Amplifiers: Speed, Angle, and Fatigue

Knee joint loading is not static; it is highly context-dependent. Loads are amplified during:

• Faster approach velocities and sharper COD angles (Dos’Santos et al., 2018).
• Unplanned/Reactive situations and sport-specific “cuts.” (Almonroeder, Garcia, & Kurt, 2015; Brown et al., 2014)
• Fatigued states, which often lead to a breakdown in neuromuscular control (Weinhandl et al., 2014; Whyte et al., 2018).

Practitioners must prioritise correcting “high-risk” biomechanical deficits through targeted neuromuscular training and movement re-education. By optimising trunk stability and joint kinematics, athletes can attenuate hazardous knee loads. Maintaining mechanical demands within tissue tolerance is a vital, evidence-based strategy for mitigating non-contact injury risk during high-intensity multidirectional manoeuvres (Fox, 2018; Padua et al., 2018).

Mediating the ‘Performance-Injury Risk’ Conflict During Change of Direction: A Technical Framework for Side-Step Cutting 

In multidirectional sport, a perceived paradox exists: the technical factors required for elite performance (maximal exit velocity, redirection, deception) often appear to be the very mechanisms that escalate injury risk. This “Performance-Injury Risk Conflict” suggests that “safer” movement might lead to “slower” performance—a trade-off most coaches and athletes are unwilling to make (Dos’Santos et al., 2021; McBurnie et al., 2021).

The Conundrum: Speed vs. Safety

Modulating variables such as lateral foot plant distance, approach velocity, and trunk rotation can reduce hazardous knee joint loads. However, if these adjustments increase the time spent in the “deceleration-to-reorientation” phase, they may compromise the athlete’s competitive edge (Fox, 2018; Havens & Sigward, 2015a).

The challenge for the modern practitioner is to identify “win-win” biomechanical strategies that satisfy both performance and safety requirements.

Identifying Synergistic Mechanics

Evidence suggests that specific technical markers are either mutually beneficial or can be modified without detrimental effects on speed (Table 1).

• The “Risk-Free” Win: Eliminating Knee Valgus Knee valgus is a primary driver of external Knee Abduction Moments (KAMs). Crucially, research confirms that valgus offers no performance advantage (McBurnie et al., 2021). Its elimination is a rare “free” intervention that reduces ACL strain without sacrificing exit velocity.
• The Directional Advantage: Medial Trunk Lean Directing the trunk towards the intended exit path (medial lean) is associated with both faster pre-planned COD and reduced knee joint loads (Dempsey et al., 2007; Jones et al., 2015).
  • Note: Though practitioners and athletes must be mindful of lateral trunk flexion as a deceptive action in agility contexts, and the rapid trunk reversal can be an effective evasive agility action (Dos’ Santos et al., 2022).
• The Safety Valve: Penultimate Foot Contact (PFC) Braking Effective braking during the PFC is perhaps the most powerful tool in the practitioner’s arsenal. It facilitates faster performance in sharp cuts while shifting the mechanical burden from the final foot plant to a safer, sagittal-plane-dominant posture (Dos’Santos et al., 2019).

Consequently, Table 1 presents a side-step cutting technical model checklist which attempts to satisfy and mediate the “performance-injury risk” conflict. 

Key: GRF: Ground reaction force; COD: Change of direction; PFC: Penultimate foot contact; FFC: Final foot contact; KAM: Knee abduction moment; GCT: Ground contact time.

A Deterministic Model for Movement Analysis

Transitioning from Intuition to Objective Frameworks

Tables 2 and 3 delineate a comprehensive technical framework for the side-step cut, deconstructing the movement into four distinct phases and their respective sub-phases inspired by the technical framework model popularised be Adrain Lees. This model integrates critical biomechanical and technical features, aims, and the fundamental movement principles that underpin motion. Furthermore, it identifies the specific physical qualities required to satisfy the mechanical demands of each phase.

While this deterministic approach is applied here to side-step cutting, the logic is universal. It provides practitioners with a rigorous strategy to evaluate movement characteristics, directly informing assessment protocols and physical preparation programmes.

The Value of a Structured Technical Framework

A previous blog has outlined the application of technical frameworks, but adopting a structured framework is vital for the modern coach or scientist, as it replaces subjective observation with an evidence-based knowledge system. The advantages include:

• Mechanical Objectivity: Anchors analysis in the laws of physics and biomechanics in addition to coaching intuition.
• Root-Cause Identification: Establishes a clear hierarchy of cause and effect, allowing practitioners to isolate the mechanical drivers of performance deficits rather than merely addressing “surface-level” symptoms.
• Precision Interventions: Facilitates the design of highly specific drills and interventions based on the identified phase-specific demands.
• Progress Tracking: Provides an objective, longitudinal metric for monitoring an athlete’s technical development and “movement robusticity.”

Ultimately, these frameworks bridge the gap between laboratory-grade biomechanics and the field, empowering practitioners to make more precise, informed decisions.

Summary

Inevitably, there will be some inherent risk of injury when performing high-intensity actions such as COD, often in chaotic, unpredictable environments (Dos’ Santos et al., 2022), and due to the complexity of the injury mechanism and interaction of internal, external, modifiable, and non-modifiable factors (Bittencourt et al., 2016), it would potentially be erroneous to assume that all non-contact injuries during COD are preventable. That said, particularly in the context of knee injuries, practitioners have a duty of care to maximise athletic development, and should drive for an approach that profiles their athletes’ movement quality, kinetics and kinematics, to individualise physical preparation and technique modification training.  

Key Take-Home Messages

• Master the Penultimate Step: Shift the braking burden away from the final plant foot. Prioritising deceleration during the penultimate foot contact (PFC) is the ultimate “win-win” strategy, facilitating faster sharp turns while significantly reducing hazardous multiplanar knee joint loads.
• Target “Zero-Reward” Risks: Eliminate technical deficits like knee valgus and excessive internal hip rotation. These factors drastically increase ACL strain and external knee abduction moments (KAMs) without providing any measurable performance or speed advantage.
• Coach “Low and Lean” for Redirection: To maximise both speed and safety, coach athletes to lower their Centre of Mass (COM) and maintain a medial trunk lean toward the exit. This aligns the body’s inertia with the new direction of travel and reduces the “moment arm” that creates hazardous torque at the knee.

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Graham-Smith, P., Atkinson, L., Barlow, R., & Jones, P. (2009). Braking characteristics and load distribution in 180 degree turns. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th annual UKSCA conference.

Graham-Smith, P., Rumpf, M., & Jones, P. A. (2018, September 10-14). Assessment of Deceleration Ability and Relationship to Approach Speed And Eccentric Strength. Paper presented at the ISBS Proceedings Archive, Auckland, New Zealand.

Green, B. S., Blake, C., & Caulfield, B. M. (2011). A comparison of cutting technique performance in rugby union players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(10), 2668-2680. 

Hader, K., Palazzi, D., & Buchheit, M. (2015). Change of Direction Speed in Soccer: How Much Braking is Enough? Kineziologija, 47(1), 67-74. 

Havens, K. L., & Sigward, S. M. (2014). Whole body mechanics differ among running and cutting maneuvers in skilled athletes. Gait & posture, 42(3), 240-245. 

Havens, K. L., & Sigward, S. M. (2015a). Cutting mechanics: relation to performance and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 47(4), 818-824. 

Havens, K. L., & Sigward, S. M. (2015b). Joint and segmental mechanics differ between cutting maneuvers in skilled athletes. Gait & posture, 41(1), 33-38. 

Hewett, T. (2017). Preventive biomechanics: A paradigm shift with a translational approach to biomechanics. Am J Sports Med, 45(11), 2654-2664. 

Hewett, T., Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., Heidt, R. S., Colosimo, A. J., McLean, S. G., . . . Succop, P. (2005). Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes a prospective study. The American journal of sports medicine, 33(4), 492-501. 

Hunter, J. P., Marshall, R. N., & McNair, P. J. (2005). Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration. J Appl Biomech, 21(1), 31-43. 

Jamison, S. T., Pan, X., & Chaudhari, A. M. W. (2012). Knee moments during run-to-cut maneuvers are associated with lateral trunk positioning. Journal of biomechanics, 45(11), 1881-1885. 

Johnston, J. T., Mandelbaum, B. R., Schub, D., Rodeo, S. A., Matava, M. J., Silvers, H. J., . . . Brophy, R. H. (2018). Video analysis of anterior cruciate ligament tears in professional American football athletes. The American journal of sports medicine, 46(4), 862-868. 

Jones, P. A., Barber, O. R., & Smith, L. C. (2015). Changing pivoting technique reduces knee valgus moments. Free Communication. Journal of Sports Sciences. J Sports Sci (BASES Annual Conference), 33(Supplement 1), S62. 

Jones, P. A., Dos’ Santos, T., McMahon, J. J., & Graham-Smith, P. (2019). Contribution of Eccentric Strength to Cutting Performance in Female Soccer Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, Published ahead of print 

Jones, P. A., Herrington, L., & Graham-Smith, P. (2015). Technique determinants of knee joint loads during cutting in female soccer players. Human Movement Science, 42, 203-211. 

Jones, P. A., Herrington, L., & Graham-Smith, P. (2016a). Braking characteristics during cutting and pivoting in female soccer players. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 30, 46-54. 

Jones, P. A., Herrington, L., & Graham-Smith, P. (2016b). Technique determinants of knee abduction moments during pivoting in female soccer players. Clinical biomechanics, 31, 107-112. 

Jones, P. A., McBurnie, A., & Dos’ Santos, T. (2021). Using qualitative technique analysis to evaluate and develop technique of agility actions with your athletes. Professional Strength and Conditioning(63), 25-33. 

Jones, P. A., Thomas, C., Dos’Santos, T., McMahon, J., & Graham-Smith, P. (2017). The Role of Eccentric Strength in 180° Turns in Female Soccer Players. Sports, 5(2), 42. Retrieved from http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/5/2/42

Kalkhoven, J. T., Watsford, M. L., Coutts, A. J., Edwards, W. B., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2021). Training load and injury: causal pathways and future directions. Sports medicine, 51(6), 1137-1150. 

Ken-ichi, K., Tomoya, H., MICHIO, Y., YU, K., NORIKO, H., TAKAHITO, T., & KAZUO, F. (2019). Factors affecting the 180-degree change-of-direction speed in youth male soccer players. Human Performance Measurement, 16, 1-10. 

Kerin, F., Farrell, G., Tierney, P., Persson, U. M., De Vito, G., & Delahunt, E. (2022). Its not all about sprinting: mechanisms of acute hamstring strain injuries in professional male rugby union—a systematic visual video analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Published ahead of print. 

King, E., Franklyn-Miller, A., Richter, C., O’Reilly, E., Doolan, M., Moran, K., . . . Falvey, É. (2018). Clinical and biomechanical outcomes of rehabilitation targeting intersegmental control in athletic groin pain: prospective cohort of 205 patients. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(16), 1054-1062. 

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Dos’Santos, T., McBurnie, A., Thomas, C., Comfort, P., & Jones, P. A. (2019). Biomechanical Comparison of Cutting Techniques: A Review and Practical Applications. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 41(4), 40-54. 

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Dos’Santos, T., Thomas, C., McBurnie, A., Donelon, T., Herrington, L., & Jones, P. A. (2021). The Cutting Movement Assessment Score (CMAS) qualitative screening tool: application to mitigate anterior cruciate ligament injury risk during cutting. Biomechanics, 1(1), 83-101. 

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Fox, A. S. (2018). Change-of-Direction Biomechanics: Is What’s Best for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Also Best for Performance? Sports medicine, 48(8), 1799-1807. 

Graham-Smith, P., Atkinson, L., Barlow, R., & Jones, P. (2009). Braking characteristics and load distribution in 180 degree turns. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th annual UKSCA conference.

Graham-Smith, P., Rumpf, M., & Jones, P. A. (2018, September 10-14). Assessment of Deceleration Ability and Relationship to Approach Speed And Eccentric Strength. Paper presented at the ISBS Proceedings Archive, Auckland, New Zealand.

Green, B. S., Blake, C., & Caulfield, B. M. (2011). A comparison of cutting technique performance in rugby union players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(10), 2668-2680. 

Hader, K., Palazzi, D., & Buchheit, M. (2015). Change of Direction Speed in Soccer: How Much Braking is Enough? Kineziologija, 47(1), 67-74. 

Havens, K. L., & Sigward, S. M. (2014). Whole body mechanics differ among running and cutting maneuvers in skilled athletes. Gait & posture, 42(3), 240-245. 

Havens, K. L., & Sigward, S. M. (2015a). Cutting mechanics: relation to performance and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 47(4), 818-824. 

Havens, K. L., & Sigward, S. M. (2015b). Joint and segmental mechanics differ between cutting maneuvers in skilled athletes. Gait & posture, 41(1), 33-38. 

Hewett, T. (2017). Preventive biomechanics: A paradigm shift with a translational approach to biomechanics. Am J Sports Med, 45(11), 2654-2664. 

Hewett, T., Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., Heidt, R. S., Colosimo, A. J., McLean, S. G., . . . Succop, P. (2005). Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes a prospective study. The American journal of sports medicine, 33(4), 492-501. 

Hunter, J. P., Marshall, R. N., & McNair, P. J. (2005). Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration. J Appl Biomech, 21(1), 31-43. 

Jamison, S. T., Pan, X., & Chaudhari, A. M. W. (2012). Knee moments during run-to-cut maneuvers are associated with lateral trunk positioning. Journal of biomechanics, 45(11), 1881-1885. 

Johnston, J. T., Mandelbaum, B. R., Schub, D., Rodeo, S. A., Matava, M. J., Silvers, H. J., . . . Brophy, R. H. (2018). Video analysis of anterior cruciate ligament tears in professional American football athletes. The American journal of sports medicine, 46(4), 862-868. 

Jones, P. A., Barber, O. R., & Smith, L. C. (2015). Changing pivoting technique reduces knee valgus moments. Free Communication. Journal of Sports Sciences. J Sports Sci (BASES Annual Conference), 33(Supplement 1), S62. 

Jones, P. A., Dos’ Santos, T., McMahon, J. J., & Graham-Smith, P. (2019). Contribution of Eccentric Strength to Cutting Performance in Female Soccer Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, Published ahead of print 

Jones, P. A., Herrington, L., & Graham-Smith, P. (2015). Technique determinants of knee joint loads during cutting in female soccer players. Human Movement Science, 42, 203-211. 

Jones, P. A., Herrington, L., & Graham-Smith, P. (2016a). Braking characteristics during cutting and pivoting in female soccer players. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 30, 46-54. 

Jones, P. A., Herrington, L., & Graham-Smith, P. (2016b). Technique determinants of knee abduction moments during pivoting in female soccer players. Clinical biomechanics, 31, 107-112. 

Jones, P. A., McBurnie, A., & Dos’ Santos, T. (2021). Using qualitative technique analysis to evaluate and develop technique of agility actions with your athletes. Professional Strength and Conditioning(63), 25-33. 

Jones, P. A., Thomas, C., Dos’Santos, T., McMahon, J., & Graham-Smith, P. (2017). The Role of Eccentric Strength in 180° Turns in Female Soccer Players. Sports, 5(2), 42. Retrieved from http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/5/2/42

Kalkhoven, J. T., Watsford, M. L., Coutts, A. J., Edwards, W. B., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2021). Training load and injury: causal pathways and future directions. Sports medicine, 51(6), 1137-1150. 

Ken-ichi, K., Tomoya, H., MICHIO, Y., YU, K., NORIKO, H., TAKAHITO, T., & KAZUO, F. (2019). Factors affecting the 180-degree change-of-direction speed in youth male soccer players. Human Performance Measurement, 16, 1-10. 

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